1/16/2024 0 Comments Phototransistor anode cathodeReferring to the third circuit, the Collector-Emitter current passes through the sensing resistor, here 10Kohm, so each 0.1mA of current results in an output voltage of 1v, up to almost 5v but no more. The phototransistor conducts, from Collector to Emitter, a current which is the transistor gain (hfe) times the Base (photo)current. Light falling on the Base acts like a current into the Base. Phototransistors will operate like ordinary transistors (here, an NPN transistor) but most do not give you access to the Base. In the second circuit it is cathode top, anode bottom. If you need to amplify your light signal, or compare it to an adjustable threshold, consider a photodiode amplifier or a comparator such as LM311. What is the impedance of an input line on a PIC chip or Basic Stamp? Digital voltmeters (DVM) and oscilloscopes usually have an input impedance of 10M, so that's OK. 1M is a lot however: think about the input impedance of whatever you are going to test with or connect this to. If you use a larger sensing resistor, you will get a greater sensitivity. Referring to the second circuit, the photocurrent passes through the sensing resistor, here 1 megohm, so each 1uA of photocurrent results in an output voltage of 1v, up to 5v but no more. So we use them biased in reverse as shown in the second diagram. The trick is, they conduct backwards when exposed to light: one electron sneaks through for each photon, more or less. Photodiodes will conduct like ordinary diodes in the forward direction, so we don't use them that way. In the first circuit diagram it is anode top, cathode bottom. If the value of that resistor is 100 ohms, the limiting resistor (and the IRED) will have 31mA through them. For instance with a 5v supply, and anticipating a forward voltage across the IRED of 1.9v, we will have 3.1v across the limiting resistor. Choose the limiting resistor so that when the supply voltage minus the emitter's forward voltage, is across the limiting resistor, it will pass the current you want, not to exceed If(max). To operate an LED or IRED you usually need a limiting resistor in series with it. You have to be careful about this if you are comparing narrow-cone to wide-cone emitters. Some are intensity per unit area in the brightest part of the cone of illumination, while others integrate the total light output over all angles. Some LEDs and IREDs are much brighter than others. A typical AlGaAs IRED may have a forward voltage of 1.9v at 20mA forward current. 0.6v is a typical forward voltage for a silicon diode. It also has a forward voltage drop (Vf) like any diode, which depends weakly upon forward current. They also have more variability in gain, part-to-part, and more dependence of gain upon temperature.Įach LED or IRED has a maximum forward current, If(max), typically 30mA. The have the disadvantage of being slow, typically 5uS rise time for phototransistors vs. Phototransistors have more gain: more current for a given amount of light. Receivers may be phototransistors or photodiodes. Infrared emitters are sometimes called IREDs. Visible light opto devices have the advantage that you can better see what you are doing, and they are pretty. IR Receivers are often encapsulated in black or dark blue plastic that is transparent to IR, thus blocking ambient visible light. Infrared (IR) opto devices are popular, as are visible light (usually red.) Infrared has the advantage that Receivers are somewhat more sensitive in IR, and daylight and indoor illumination are low in IR thus avoiding that confounding factor. You can aim the Receiver and the Emitter so that their cones overlap at the desired detection distance. An Emitter and a Receiver are arranged so that more of the Emitter's light is seen by the Receiver when the target is white, than when it is black.Įmitters provide a cone of illumination, and receivers have a cone of sensitivity, sometimes called a receiving angle. Reflectivity differences can be sensed using optoelectronic components.
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